Some characteristics of modified layers after cathodic saturation of structural steels with nitrogen and carbon have been studied. The structure of the layers was investigated using a scanning electron and optical microscopes; the elemental composition of the layer was determined by the energy dispersive analysis. Microhardness and roughness were measured by standard methods. The formation of oxide layers during cathodic processes of carburizing, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing, comparable to those observed during anodic treatment was found. A certain nitrogen potential of the cathode vapour-gaseous envelope formed in solutions containing ammonium chloride was noted. It is shown that the maximum microhardness of the layer on steel 20 after cathodic carburizing in a solution of glycerol and ammonium chloride reaches 900 HV, which exceeds that obtained during anodic carburizing. The roughness of the surface of steel 20 nitrocarburized in a solution of ammonium nitrate and glycerol can be reduced by a factor of 1.3 by subsequent anodic polishing in a solution of ammonium chloride.

The possibilities of the track membranes with the pore different sizes (0.42–0.76 µm) for the separation of cathode and anodic spaces at induced codeposition of Fe-W coatings from a citrate bath are described. The use of track membranes allowed to increase for about two-fold the current efficiency of electrodeposition without increasing the energy intensity and to ensure the constancy of microhardness during continuous electrolysis. It is noted that membranes have limited capabilitiessince they only play the role of microfilters and do not have ion-exchange properties.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of a pressure wave generated by an underwater electric discharge which was initiated by a thin-layer conductor – a fishing line with a thin outer layer of copper. Experimental studies were carried out in two modes, the parameters of which provided a short and ? long type of discharge. The results showed that a fishing line with a thin outer layer of copper is a promising method for initiating an underwater electric discharge. Its use allows to reduce the time of the pre-breakdown stage and pre-breakdown losses, to stabilize the process of an electric discharge in space, and to increase the efficiency of the electric discharge effect. It is noted that in the case of a short-term type of discharge, a pressure wave is generated, the amplitude of which is comparable to the pressure wave upon initiation of a thin solid copper conductor, and a two-fold increase of the amplitude of the generated pressure wave with increasing the fishing line length from 20 to 50 mm in an exponential manner is observed. Studies have also shown that a fishing line with a thin copper outer coating has good resistance to the impact factors of an underwater electric explosion.

The investigation of fragmentation processes in cytosine molecules caused by an electron impact was carried out using crossed electron and molecular beams and the AM1 quantum-chemical method. The probable schemes of cytosine fragmentation, absolute values of ionization partial sections and their energetic dependences are given. It is shown that the value of the total section of formation of positively charged fragments is 2.9 times larger than the section of the molecular ion formation. The calculations of the parameters of the cytosine molecule and its ions were performed.

A possibility of correction of the distorting effect of a random environment layer that fills a nanoscale “swcnt-?lectrode-surface” gap in systems of electroerosive processing of conducting current materials is considered. Correction of the nano-erosion impact signal is based on the principles of the digital filtering theory. A small value of the root-mean-square error of distorted signal correction of an electroerosive effect, obtained by modeling, indicates an improvement of the quality of the nano-electroerosive impact process.

The article is devoted to the study of the electro-discharge cavitation development in a liquid working medium (water, aqueous electrolytes) placed in an external magnetic field. The main stages of an electro-discharge in an aqueous medium under the influence of an external magnetic field on the discharge gap are considered. A theoretical analysis of the preconditions for the magnetic field influence on the development of an electric discharge in aqueous media is implemented. The experimental data obtained using high-speed photographic recording and measuring the cavitation intensity by the iodometric method allowed to propose a concept for controlling electrodischarge cavitational processes by external magnetic fields.

The research considers main approaches to the problem of the milk industry by-products processing, in particular, of whey generated in great volumes during curd and cheese producing. The article examines the process of extracting an organic matter from whey by the fractionation of whey via distillation under low vacuum. It is advisable to process concentrated whey. Treatment of whey using fractional distillation under vacuum allows obtaining organic acids of the required purity and the required concentration. The article considers the direction that makes it possible to obtain cost-effective whey processing method, combining the concentration of whey by fractional distillation with its electrical processing.This process allows to separate the organic matter of whey and to direct the process of further concentration of the resulting preparations towards the formation of certain organic compounds.

The analysis of dielectric materials that can be used as working dielectric of a monoblock multifunctional high-voltage pulse capacitor is carried out. In particular, the properties of liquid dielectrics that can be used as an impregnating dielectric are considered. The properties of a polypropylene film, which is recommended for the manufacture of capacitors with a high repetition rate of charge-discharges, are also considered. Based on the analysis, recommendations are given on the use of dielectrics for the dielectric system of a monoblock multifunctional high-voltage pulse capacitor.